Labor Unions And Nursing Essays - Trade Unions In The United States

Labor Unions And Nursing The American Labor movement in the United States has a history dating back to the beginnings of the industrial revolution. Its existence is due to poor working conditions and exploitation during the beginning of that time. Labor unions have had a long history of using their most powerful weapon, strikes, to fight their battles. Even today, with the diminishing numbers of union members, strikes appear in the news sporadically. History of Labor Unions The first strike is thought to be by printers in Philadelphia in 1786 (Maidment, 1997). Working conditions, pay and benefits were so poor, leaders in the southern United States used them to justify slavery. Their contention was that slaves were treated better than the workers were in the North. (Maidment, 1997) Unions attempt to rectify poor working conditions, pay and benefits through collective bargaining. An individual has very little power when negotiating with an employer, however many individuals, collectively have the power to achieve results through bargaining and negotiating. The ultimate bargaining tool that the collective bargaining unit has is the right to strike. Strikes The United States has the most violent and bloodiest labor history of any industrialized country (Foner, Garraty, 1991). In 1850, police killed two New York tailors while attempting to disperse strikers. These were the first of over seven hundred documented caused by strike-related violence. In 1913, National Guardsmen attacked striking Colorado miners known as the Ludlow Massacre. In 1937, police killed Ten Chicago steelworkers during a strike, which came to be known as the Memorial Day Massacre. More commonly, though, strike related deaths are attributed to lessor known confrontations. Strikes in the United States are generally linked to the business cycle. Strikes are more common when unemployment is low with the lowest strike rate being during the Great Depression. The first American strikes in the late 1700's and early 1800's were by shoemakers, printers, and carpenters led by their trade societies and were generally effective because of the limited labor pool skilled in those trades. The strikers simply refused to work until their pay demands were met. The strikes were generally short, peaceful and successful. Successful litigation by employers inhibited the spread of these strikes and the trade societies. After an economic upturn in the 1820s, strike activity was revived. Throughout the 1800s, strike activity continued to wax and wane based on economic conditions. Women participated in strikes as early as the 1820s. After the Civil War, the labor movement started to more closely resemble today's labor movement. In order to discourage strikes, instead of unilaterally setting wages and striking, unions started negotiating with employers, addressing wages, work rules, hours and grievances. This method of ?arbitration? led to binding contracts between the collective bargaining units and the employers. The Knights of Labor, the most important labor organization of the 1800s, discouraged strikes. Mediation Union leaders, particularly those in the craft unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor (AFL), continued to question the efficacy of strikes in the early 1900s. Instead of strikes, the craft unions turned to private mediation groups to help settle disputes. In mediation, ?the third party assists the negotiators in their discussions and also suggests settlement proposals.? (Mathis, Jackson, 2000) An expansion of the union movement was created by four years of depression in the 1930s. The violent strikes by autoworkers, truckers, longshoremen and textile workers in 1934 sparked the passage of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA). The NLRA is the law governing relations between unions and employers in the private sector. It guarantees the right of employees to organize and to bargain collectively with employers. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent federal agency created by Congress, which administers the NLRA. Under the direction of the NLRB, strikes continued in the 1940s (after WWII) and while some were very long, most were peaceful. The NLRB saw to it that employers who were legally obligated to bargain with unions, did so. In addition, strikers were given legal protection. In the 1950s the number of strikes dropped sharply, as the relationships between unions and employers became more predictable. The 1960s saw a rise in public employee strikes (teachers, transit workers and other local government workers) and in 1970,

JMU Sample Essay

JMU Sample EssayThe JMU sample essay is an essay that can be used in order to get a good idea of what a JMU sample essay looks like. It is not a requirement that the JMU sample essay is written entirely by a JMU teacher, but it is a good idea that the writer of the JMU sample essay has some background on the subjects of his/her essay.First, it is necessary to know that the sample essay should contain two sides of information. This means that the first side of the essay is not the truth about anything, and the second side is what actually happened. The essay may be a report or a recollection of something that happened. Once the two sides are properly formed, it is necessary to use them as ideas in the form of essay.Since there are certain rules of grammar that must be followed in a JMU sample essay, it is important that the writer follows these rules. Any of the following mistakes could lead to a negative conclusion that a reader might come to. When a writer makes any of these mistake s, the article will look unprofessional and untrustworthy, and the essay may cause the writer to lose the essay writing job.The first mistake a writer could make is using too many or too basic words. Any kind of sentence that includes too many words or uses too many basic words will do. By using too many words, the writer fails to tell the reader what he/she needs to know. On the other hand, using too many words will also force the reader to pause so he/she can decipher the message.Also, when writing an essay that contains too many basic words, the reader may have a hard time reading the message. The grammar and proper spelling is necessary for the essay to make sense. This means that, if a student uses too many words or writes in an incorrect manner, it is possible that he/she will lose points on the essay.Another mistake that can happen with a JMU sample essay is if the writer forgets to give the readers any information at all. This is one of the most common mistakes that are made by writers who struggle with writing a good English essay.The most important thing is that the writer should give enough information to make the reader understand the importance of the topic. It is very important to give enough information in an essay that can help the reader understand the information given. If the information given is vague, the reader may come to believe that there is no need to read further.It is also very important that the writer doesn't use direct, emotionless language in an essay that the writer will be writing for a real reader. Although this is very common in written essays, some writers fail to realize that they should express themselves more honestly in order to make the reader understand the message. When a writer uses a direct tone, he/she will show a lack of thought and care for the message.

Dead salmon study by Craig Bennett Essays - Neuroimaging

Dead salmon study by Craig Bennett Essays - Neuroimaging "Dead salmon study" by Craig Bennett What happened in the study? i.e the procedure Neuroscientist Craig Bennett purchased a whole Atlantic salmon, took it to a lab at Dartmouth, and put it into an fMRI machine used to study the brain. The fish sat in the scanner, they showed it "a series of photographs depicting human individuals in social situations." To maintain the rigor of the protocol, the salmon, just like a human test subject, "was asked to determine what emotion the individual in the photo must have been experiencing." The salmon "was not alive at the time of scanning." 33978858382000What did the study show? i.e. the findings When they got around to analysing the voxel (think: 3-D or "volumetric" pixel) data, the voxels representing the area where the salmon's tiny brain sat showed evidence of activity. In the fMRI scan, it looked like the dead salmon was actually thinking about the pictures it had been shown. What the implications are for brain imaging research The result is completely nuts but that's actually exactly the point. Bennett, who is now a post-doc at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and his adviser, George Wolford, wrote up the work as a warning about the dangers of false positives in fMRI data. They wanted to call attention to ways the field could improve its statistical methods. Researchers get up to 130,000 voxels from each set of scans they do of a brain. They have to comb all that data for signals that indicate something is happening in a particular region of the brain. The fMRI data has a lot of natural noise, though, and with the amounts of data generated in the work, chance can play some tricks.

2 to 3 Page Student Life Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 to 3 Page Student Life Comparison Paper - Essay Example The Senior Management Team, which includes the Assistant Vice President for Student Life, is headed by the Vice President for Student Affairs (Caltech, 2006c). The deans and directors of the different colleges and departments, respectively, are also under the Student Affairs Office (Caltech, 2006c). On the other hand, Pepperdine University has different Student Life Offices, one for each of its five colleges: Seaver College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, Graziadio School of Business and Management, Graduate School of Education and Psychology School of Law, and School of Public Policy (Pepperdine University, 2009a). They also have varying titles, Student Services, Student Affairs, and Student Life, to name three. Each of these offices is headed by the Dean of the college or school; all are under the Provost, who acts as the chief academic officer (Pepperdine, 2009b). The Student Affairs Office of Caltech handles housing, financial aid, health aid, counseling, career development, athletics, fellowships, and international programs, among other things (Caltech, 2006c). Like Caltech, Pepperdine’s five student life offices also offer the same services, with the exception of fellowships. What is interesting is that Caltech has a Women’s Center that was established in 1993 to â€Å"work for the advancement of women in science and engineering† (California Institute of Technology Womens Center, 2008). Pepperdine also has a program focused on the needs of women. However, the Women’s Ministry program is a part of the Family Faith network that aims to enlighten and reinforce women’s beliefs and practices â€Å"about Gods role in family life† (Pepperdine University, 2009c; Pepperdine University, 2009d). While the former aims to break gender barriers in the dominantly male composition of science and engineering, the l atter seems to promote a regression in gender equality by

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Case study - Essay Example a. Identify one short term business objective and one long term business objective from a case study. You are required to provide two case examples for a short term business objective and two case examples for a long term business objective. a. List and discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of packaged (a.k.a Off-the-shelf) software. You are required to use two case studies to derive the examples for the advantages and the disadvantages. Rolls-Royce’ ERP R/3 systems is packaged system. For the implementing this system we have to re-engineer the overall business processes. Main advantages of the ERP SAP R/3 as packaged software system for the Rolls-Royce are its reduced cost, high system quality and rapid implementation. Geneva has implemented SAP R/3 system that offers enhanced services and business handling. The main advantage/ benefit of this packaged software implementation is the utilization of the currently operation resources. These can be operating system, communications middleware, and technical infrastructure needed by the entire application modules. 2. IT Portfolio – â€Å"ES rarely meet the full business requirements in an organization. In general 80% of the requirements are met with an ES, while the rest (20%) of the requirements needs to be fulfilled with alternative methods†. a. Discuss the aforementioned statement in light of two case studies. You need to discuss why ES don’t provide all organizational requirements. You should also comment and provide specific examples from two case studies on the three things that organizations employ to increase the ‘fit’ between the system functionality and business requirements. The system implemented by the Geneva business has some of the areas those are not properly addressed. These areas can be intelligent business decision making. This aspect of this business remains unaddressed and business need to implement a decision making system. a.

A look at the death rates in the united states according to race Essay Example for Free

A look at the death rates in the united states according to race Essay Death Rates, Many of the death rates in the United States may be explained, for example, why are the death rates of African Americans so high on homicide? Well, it is said that because most black people live in Urban areas or in what people call â€Å"guetos† (not necessarily all but a good amount) that means they usually live on these dangerous places where death rates are pretty high making their victimology pretty high. Now if we combine this with the fact that most black men kill other black men whether it is (usually because of gangs) then we can assume that the death rates of black men because of homicides is pretty high because they usually live on places that are very dangerous and controlled by gangs and most are killed by people of their own race (and some may argue too by police but thats another topic) which would explain these statistics and same could be explained for other races. Another example could be that many Americans (despite the different racial groups) are likely to die from heart disease, and that is because of the fast foods. In other words, if Americans would eat healthier instead of constantly going to fast foods and started to take care of themselves also by doing exercise then it wouldn’t have to worry so much of dying from heart disease and those death rates among Americans will most likely decrease. The differences in the death rates are because of culture and the way people live their lives, so if a race, for example, let’s maybe there’s a high death rate of Hispanics because of kidney failure (this is an example it may not be true) then maybe the reason could be because they drink a lot of alcohol or something same with other types of diseases or may be ways of thinking. Maybe whites can’t control their stress or are less likely to seek help when they have psychological problems which would explain the high deat h rates. I believe all of these differences in death rates are because of how each racial group decides to live and that is why in certain categories those death rates are high for the different racial groups.

The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered Essay -- Lowering the Drinking Age

There are numerous problems involving alcohol in the world today, including alcoholism, drunk driving, and alcohol poisoning leading to death. Many of these problems involve minors and are linked to drinking underage. The legal drinking age in many states is twenty-one years old. The purpose of this law is to keep minors out of danger: away from drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and injuring the brain before it is fully developed. The government supports the belief that people are not ready or responsible enough for alcohol until this age. However, various professors and researchers are discovering ways to disprove this belief. These people think that reducing the drinking age to eighteen would influence our country in a positive way. Not only do minors support this idea, but there are numerous people and organizations that support the idea of lowering the drinking age as well. The current drinking law is counterproductive in our society because it’s not effective in eliminating underage drinking, and leads to unsafe situations such as drunk driving and alcohol poison instigated deaths. This problem could be solved by lowering the minimum drinking age to eighteen, with a drinking license. â€Å"Either we are a nation of lawbreakers, or this is a bad law†, says John McCardell, author for the Greenhaven Press (McCardell, 2012). What McCardell is referring to is the law barring the consumption of alcohol in individuals under the age of twenty-one in the United States. John McCardell is the former president of Middlebury College, and he is also the founder of the Choose Responsibly group (Baldouf, 2007). This group is a nonprofit organization that travels around the country sharing McCardell’s proposal about the drinking age... ...m http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/cqoped.html Fennell, R. (2007, December). Drinking Is Fun. Retrieved May 2014, from Academic OneFile: http://go.galegroup.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=DA- McCardell, J. (2012). The Drinking Age Should Be Lowered. (G. Press, Producer) Retrieved May 2014, from Gale Virtual Reference Library: http://go.galegroup.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL Rotunda, M. (2004). Prohibition. Retrieved May 2014, from CREDORreference: http://www.credoreference.com.bakerezproxy.palnet.info/entry/rutgersnj/prohibition Underage Drinking. (2005). Retrieved 2014, from Alcohol News: http://www.alcoholnews.org/Underage%20drinking.html Why 21? (2011). Retrieved May 2014, from MADD: http://www.madd.org/underage-drinking/why21/