Introduction to Synchronization

Introduction to Synchronization Synchronization is a mechanism which helps to use shared memory resources in an operating system. In the current world, most of the computers are multi-tasking computers. So these computers can do more than one process at the same time. And the networking technology is has become one of the most modern and developed technologies in the current worlds. So both these computer and network technologies work together in order to achieve common goals. While working together these technologies have to share resources such as memory at the same time. While sharing memory, there can be many problems. To avoid these problems synchronization mechanisms were implemented. Concurrency As it is mentioned above, operating systems share memory in order to achieve common goals. The data can be shared among two processes in one operating system or two operating systems over a network. However there are sometimes that the shared data can be accessed by only one process at a time. As a real life example, shared bathroom can be taken. A shared bathroom can be used by many people but it can be used by only one person at the time. If someone is using the bathroom, others have to wait until that person to come out. Then the one of the waited people can use the bathroom. Another real life example for this is shared streets or junctions. In shared streets, people can use only one direction at one time. If the shared street is used by any direction, people from other direction have to wait till others to stop using the shared street. Otherwise there can be clashes and a lot of problems. Like these, when the operating systems use shared memory, sometimes only one process can acc ess the data at one time. So this is called concurrency. There must be some mechanisms to avoid this concurrency. In the above given two real life examples, the shared bathroom can use a lock in its door to make sure that only one person is using the bathroom at one time. In the shared streets, traffic lights can be used to make sure that only one direction is using the street and avoid the clashes. Like this, locking and synchronizations are the mechanisms that can be used to avoid concurrency in operating systems. Properties of systems with concurrency There are some properties of the systems with concurrency. Those properties are, multiple actors, shared resources and rules for accessing the resources. In the above given two real life examples, the multiple actors are people and vehicles while the shared resources become bathroom and street. The rules for accessing these shared resources are one person at one time for the bathroom and one direction for one time for the shared streets. When talking about these three properties in relating to the operating systems, it can be explained like this. Here, the multiple actors are processes within the operating system or threads in processes. Shared memory, global variables and shared devices can be taken as the examples for the shared resources property while locking and semaphores techniques become the rules for accessing the shared resources in operating systems. These are the three properties of the systems with concurrency and it helps to understand what the concurrency is. Situations with no risk of concurrency In the current computer technology, there are some situations that there is no risk of concurrency but the shared resources are accessed by more than one processes or threads at the same time. Those situations are as follows, No shared memory or communication :- Here, the processes or threads do not have shared memory or communication. So those processes or threads work only with its private memory. Shared memory with read-only access :- Here, the shared memory can be accessed by one or more processes or threads at the same time. But in this situation, the shared memory is only available for processes or threads to read-only. So the shared memory cannot be modified in this situation. Copy-on-Write (COW) :- Here, the shared memory is accessed by one or more processes or threads at the same time and each process or thread has a separate copy of the shared memory. So each process is accessing its own copy of the shared memory and there is no risk of concurrency. Situation with risk of concurrency As well as the situations with no risk of concurrency, there are some situations with risk of concurrency in the current operating systems. Those situations can be explained as follows, Using of shared memory without any synchronization :- Here, if the shared memory is accessed by more than one processes or threads at the same time without and synchronization (without having any separate copy for each process or threads), there is a risk of concurrency. Any modification to the shared memory :- If the shared memory is accessed by more than one processes or threads, and at least one of the processes or threads makes any changes to the shared memory, then there is a risk of concurrency. These are the situations with risk of concurrency. If one of these happens, then there is a risk of concurrency in the system. If a concurrency is happened, then there may be a lot of problems in the system. And the risk of happening the concurrency is known as race condition. Race condition Under this topic, the race conditions is discussed by using an example. Here, an example of a bank account is taken to discuss the race condition. In this example, there are two peoples and a bank account. Execution of the code of this example as follows, account.balance =  £200; int withdraw (account, amount =  £50){ balance = account.balance; balance -= amount; int deposit (account, amount= £100){ balance = account.balance; balance += amount; account.balance = balance; return balance; } account.balance = balance; return balance; } For this example, the two persons are named as person1 and person2. The code executed by the person1 is coloured with blue colour while the code executed by the person2 is coloured with red colour. This is a sketch of the programme but not coded with any programming language. In the very first line, the balance of the account is set to  £200. The rest of the code is explained as follows, Line 1 :- person1 starts executing the code and calls the withdraw() by giving the account and  £50 of amount as the parameters. Line 2 :- person1 reads the balance from the account class and assigns the value of balance variable in account class to his balance variable in his withdraw(). Line 3 :- person1 modifies the value of the balance variable in his withdraw() by subtracting the value of amount. So the value of the balance variable in his withdraw() becomes  £150. Line 4 :- In this line, the person2 starts executing the code by calling his deposit() by parsing account and  £100 of amount as the parameters. Line 5 :- Here, person2 reads the value of the balance variable in account class and assigns it to the balance variable in his deposit(). Here, still the value of balance variable in account class is  £200 as the person1 has not updated the balance in account class. Line 6 :- Person2 modifies the value of the balance variable by adding the value of amount variable to it. So the value of balance variable in deposit() becomes  £300. Line 7 :- person1 updates the value of the balance variable in the account class as  £150. Line 8 :- person 1 returns the value of the balance variable in withdraw() Line 9 :- person2 updates the value of the balance variable in the account class as  £300 Line 10 :- person2 returns the value of the balance variable in his deposit() After executing this code 2 peoples complete their transactions by leaving the final value of the balance variable in account class as  £300 while the real value of the balance variable in account class has to be  £250. So there is clear error in the final output of the process and this is called as the race condition. Manage concurrency Manage Synchronization means, use synchronization mechanism programs to write rues for control concurrency situations. One of these rules are as follows: Atomicity Atomicity allows one threat to access data to manipulate at a single situation. In another way, will allows no other threats to change data while one is running. This will either will lock the threat is in progress of manipulating the record or let other records to be waiting while one record access record. The other rule is conditional synchronization In this explain threats will be in a particular order to access the record. When threats arrives to access record rule will check the order and add to the queue and let wait until the turn of the threat to access the records. All above access methods will be easy to implement when can identify which is the critical part of the process should allow to access at a time. i.e. When Person A accessing account balance person B not allows to access balance at the same time. If extract further as bellow. 1.int withdraw (account, amount) { 2.int balance = account.balance; 3.balance -= amount; 4.account.balance = balance; 5.return balance; 6.} Line 1: will initialize threat and pass external parameter values into the threat withdraw as account and amount in this situation. Line 2: will declare balance variable locally to retrieve stored account balance from the database for threat to process and pass account balance in the account table account.balance. Line 3: will manipulate balance variable value (in this situation, we will deduct since it is withdrawal) from the amount has been pass form external parameter. -= notation for the deduction. Line 4: will update database with new balance value after withdrawal amount deducted from original balance. balance which is a local variable holding the new balance transfer to the account.balance and update record with new balance value. Line 5: will return new balance value to the screen if necessary Line 6: will terminate the process of withdraw by } There will be no concurrent when two threat access lines 1, 5 and 6. But if any threat try to access lines 2, 3 and 4 will be given incorrect information for one of the threats. Therefore from line 2 to 4 is very critical to let access only for one threat at any given time of the process as explain bellow. int withdraw (account, amount) { int balance = account.balance; balance -= amount;Critical Section account.balance = balance; return balance; } This identified sections will call as a critical section in another word, no other threats will allows to access while one threat is using at any given time because data will be manipulate when access line 2, 3 and 4. Critical section Critical section is set of codes access shared resources and there are several ways of developing critical section such as: Locks, Semaphores, Monitors and Messages. In this report will describe locks and semaphores how behave and how priority will work. Locks in synchronization First method of synchronization is locks. Locking is a very primitive system been used. Lock will lock the threat in the critical section while it is processing the record. Mainly lock has two stats Held and Not Held. At the Held state, one threat is in the critical section and at the Not Held state no threats in the critical section and can prioritised threats to have access. Also locks having two operations Acquire and Release. Which threat will request the lock to be held to access critical section and once threat previously use critical section release the lock acquired thread will get a chance and change the state as held. When threat finish it process in the critical section must release the lock to use by the other threats which are waiting in the queue. Figure The above figure has explain how acquire and release will behave at the critical section access, i.e. threats A, B and C request access permission to critical section at the same time by Acquire operation and threat A will grant access with the lock Held state enable. Once threat complete the process will call release operation to change the lock state to Not Held and lock will change state to Held with threat B and so on will be proceed to complete different threat request at the critical section. By using previous example take a look where to use Acquire and Release operations threat. int withdraw (account, amount) { acquire (lock); // Request lock to held to access critical section int balance = account.balance; balance -= amount;Critical Section account.balance = balance; release (lock); // Release lock after complete critical section access return balance; } With further explanation considering previous withdraw and deposit situation Figure 2. Overcome concurrency situation had occurred while both people access same account balance to manipulate the amount. Figure When implement locks use Boolean variable to check is lock held TRUE or FALSE? Acquire operation will keep other threats in the waiting state while lock held values is TRUE. If lock held VALUE is false, will change to TRUE with requested threat. When the threat completed process in critical section will call release operation and change lock held value as FALSE to make lock available for other threats will show in below construct. First create a global Boolean type variable held values TRUE or FALSE to check is lock holding by a threat or not and by default lock will not hold by any threat and value will be FALSE. structure lock { bool held; // initial value FALSE } Construct acquire by requesting a lock to be held and if lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held value TRUE request threat will wait in the queue for lock to be released. If lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held is FALSE and by acquire change value of lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held to TRUE and take the control of the critical section access. void acquire (lock) { while (lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held) ; // Hold other threats in the wait queue lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held = TRUE; // Once get the lock, change lock value to TRUE } Construct release operation simply will change the start of lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚  held value to false and allows other threat to access critical section for the next process. void release (lock) { lock à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   held = FALSE; // When complete process in the critical section, change lock value to FALSE } Semaphores in synchronization This is the second method of synchronization. This method is a very basic and powerful mechanism but difficult Implementation method and use blocking threats to access critical section instead of locking threats while using critical section. Semaphores has two operations and they are: wait (semaphore) or P() First of all as soon as threat request access permission P() or wait (semaphore) will decrease the counter values which is 1 by default. Then check is counter value become 0 or signal (semaphore) or V() Once a threat complete process in the critical section will call V() or signal (semaphore) and will increase counter value by 1. i.e. if a P() had decrease counter value 0 while it was in critical section and no other threats can access, but second threat has decreased to -1 while requesting permission to access critical section and waited. Also since second threat is still waiting to get permission it goes to sleep mode, hence V() will wake up threat in a sleep to start it process in critical section explains in Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Figure Readers/Writers synchronization This is another powerful method of synchronization. In this method, the data is accessed by two different ways. Those two ways are, readers and writers. Here, the readers only read files and writers update file contents or data. There are four (4) rules while using the readers/writers synchronization methods and they are as follows, If any reader(s) read the file and no writer is pending, the next reader can read the file without waiting. Writers have to wait till the reader(s) finish reading file. After readers finish reading, writer(s) will can start writing. If any writer is writing to the file, acquiring readers have to wait till writer finish writing. If one writer is writing to the file and if both readers and writers are waiting, at this situation priority will be given for writers who are waiting. Therefore readers will wait till all writers to compete writing and then readers will start reading. So readers can read most updated file. Future trends of synchronization In the current situation, locks and semaphores are widely used in order to prevent the concurrency. So it is very important to deal with the codes in critical section as otherwise there will be a lot of problems with the reliability of information systems. However using of systems with the locks are not time efficiency. So in the current situation of the computer technology, there is a trend of implementing lock free systems. According to the previous example of shared street, the shared street has to be controlled by using traffic lights. So on the shared streets, only one direction is allowed at one time. So the other directions are blocked at the same time. But there is a technique that does not need of using any traffic lights on the shared street. Here, fly over technique can be used and avoid blocking the directions. So all the directions on the shared street can be used at once without having any problem. But here, this technique may has some more waiting time as the length of the street can be increased while using fly over technique. Like in this example, lock free systems can be implemented in information systems. Semaphore method can be taken as an example for lock free system. But here as well, the processes have to wait sometimes as in the give example of fly over technique on shared streets. The weakness of this method is that lock free and wait free features cannot be implemented in the same information system. So only one of these methods (lock free or wait free) can be implemented in information system.

Synthesis of Strontitum Hexaferrites Nanoparticals

Synthesis of Strontitum Hexaferrites Nanoparticals ABSTRACT The SrFe12O19 is hard magnetic material (hexa-ferrite) with magneto plum bite structure . It has attract much attention in past few decades due to their Scientific Technological applications in the frequency rages of microwave to radio frequency. Due to used for high frequency application in multilayer chip inductor. This is due to high magneto crystalline anisotropy , High curie temperature, High Electrical resistivity High Di-electric constant as well as high saturation ( Magnetization Coericivity). The Dielectric Magnetic properties of hexa-ferrites materials in the nano regime are significantly different from their bulk materials. The work in this thesis consists of three aspects, Synthesis of strontitum hexaferrites nanoparticals by Non-convetional Citrate precursor method (chemical method). Effect of Annealing Temperature on Magnetic properties of strontitum hexaferrites. Effect of Structural , Electrical optical properties have been studied. These samples were characterized through X-Ray diffraction for its size properties. The particle size was determined in scherrer’s formula. The samples were studied for their full report showing their magnetic properties based on the hysteresis loop formation for the samples prepared at the two temperatures through VSM . Electrical optical properties have been examined through Impedance analyzer Photo Luminance. 2. Literature Review Since the Discovery of the M type hexagonal ferrites in 1950’s . It has being of great  Interest due to its application as permanent magnetic materials perpendicular  Recording media. Due to its low cost, the main reason for its great success at moderate  magnetic properties. Various works has been carried to develop hexa-ferrite by various  methods and their properties has been investigated. On other hand extensive work has  been done to understand the effect of various dopant. It is found the doping of metal ion, rare earth ion substantially effects their properties. Work carried out in past few years on different processing methods and different dopants are given below: Structural and magnetic properties of La3+substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared by citrate precursor method [16] Ankush Thakur,R.R. Singh, P.B. Barman , Lanthanum (La3+) doped The effects of La3+on magnetic properties have been analyzed using vibrating sample magnetometer and discussed. The results show that the coercivity has been improved by substitution of La3+on iron sites; coercivity value found to be increased with increase in La3+ . La 3+doped strontium ferrite, prepared by citrate precursor technique, have been analyzed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), FESEM,FTIR and inductance capacitance resistance meter bridge. The XRD analysis shows that crystalline ferrite phase with hexagonal structure. when the precursor calcined at 900 °C for 5h. The crystallite size is found in the range of 31–38nm and the elemental composition has been examined by energy dispersive X-ray. The dc electrical resistivity has been found to be increased with increasing La3+content. Synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles prepared using co-precipitation method and microemulsion processing [17] ADrmota,A.Ã…Â ½nidarÃ… ¡iÄ  andAKoÃ… ¡ak : , Strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been prepared with co-precipitation in aqueous solutions and precipitation in microemulsion system water/SDS/n-butanol/cyclohexane, calcined in a wide temperature range, from 350  °C to 1000  °C in a static air atmosphere. The influence of the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ratio and the calcination temperature to the chemistry of the product formation, its crystallite size, morphology and magnetic properties were investigated. It was found that the formation of single phase SrFe12O19with relatively high specific magnetization (54 Am2/kg) was achieved at the Sr2+/Fe3+molar ration of 6.4 and calcination at 800  °C for 3h with heating/cooling rate 5  °C/min.The specific magnetization (DSM-10, magneto-susceptometer) of the samples was measured. Preparation and investigation of magnetic properties of MnNiTi-substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles[18] M. Mozaffari, A. Arab,M.H. Yousefi, J. Amighian M-type strontium hexaferrite powders with substitution of Mn2+, Ni2+and Ti4+ions for Fe3+ions has been prepared via the conventional ceramic method. In order to get nanoparticles, the obtained powders were milled in a high energy SPEX mill for 1h. XRD investigations of the unmilled and milled powders show that the prepared samples are all single phase hexaferrite. Lattice parameters and mean crystallite sizes of the powders were determined from the XRD data and Scherrer’s formula. TEM was used to analyze their structures, magnetizations and coercivities of the samples in a magnetic field of 15kOe have been determined from the hysteresis loops. It was found that magnetizations of the milled samples were smaller than the magnetization of the unmilled samples. Synthesis, magnetic and dielectric properties of Er–Ni doped Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials for applications in High density recording media and microwave devices [19] Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,,Muhammad Javed Iqbalb, Muhammad Najam-ul-Haqa,Pablo Hernandez Gomezc,Ashfaq Mahmood Qureshia A sol–gel combustion method has been successfully employed for the synthesis of Sr-hexaferrite nanomaterials doped with Er3+and Ni2+at strontium and iron sites, respectively. A Simple and economic method has been used for synthesis of materials. The main aim for substitution of Er–Ni in Sr-hexaferrite is to improve magnetic properties and to reduce the crystallite size. We are able to improve the saturation magnetization and remanence with the doping of Er–Ni. Crystallite size is in the range 16–14nm, which is much smaller than that reported earlier. Dielectric constant is reduced which makes the material suitable for microwave devices. Crystallization kinetics of strontium hexaferrite: Correlation to structural, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties [20] Ankush Thakur,R. R. Singh,P. B. Barman Citrate precursor technique has been used to synthesize strontium hexaferrite and reported here. The crystallization process for ferrite phase formation has been investigated by TG/DTG/DTA for three different heating rates in air atmosphere. The thermal process mainly consists of three essential steps; first removal of water residues; second decomposition of organic compound and the third step is crystallization of SrF12O19. The activation energy of reaction is, 157 KJ/mole, evaluated using non-isothermal kinetic model. The precursor and crystallized SrF12O19samples have been characterized for structural, chemical, morphological, dielectric and magnetic properties Using XRD, FTIR, FESEM,LCR meter bridge and VSM respectively. Influence of annealing temperature and doping rate on the magnetic properties of Zr–Mn substituted Sr-hexaferrite nanoparticles [21] Muhammad Javed Iqbala,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqb,Pablo Hernà ¡ndez-Gà ³mezc,Josà © Marà ­a Muà ±oz Muà ±ozc,Carlos Torres Cabrerac A series of M-type strontium hexaferrite samples having nominal composition SrZrxMnxFe12−2xO19(wherex=0.0–0.8) has been synthesized by the co-precipitation method. All the samples synthesized were of single magnetoplumbite phase. The particle size was found to be in the 40–65nm range for the samples annealed at 1193K while the samples annealed at 1443K were in the 100–200nm range. The saturation magnetization increase with temperature and reached maxima for the samples annealed at 1393K and then start to decrease while the coercivity decreases regularly with temperature. Structural evolution and magnetic properties of SrFe12O19nanofibers by electrospinning [22] Xiangqian Shen,Mingquan Liu,Fuzhan Song,Xianfeng Meng The SrFe12O19/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite fiber precursors were prepared by the sol-gel assisted electrospinning with ferric nitrate, strontium nitrate and PVP as starting reagents. M-type strontium ferrite (SrFe12O19) nanofibers were derived from calcination of these precursors at 750–1,000 °C.The composite precursors and strontium ferrite nanofibers were characterized by FTIR , XRD, SEM VSM .After calcined at 750 °C for 2h the single M-type strontium ferrite phase is formed by reactions of iron oxide and strontium oxide produced during the precursor decomposition process. The nano fiber morphology, diameter, crystallite size and grain morphology are mainly influenced by the calcination temperature and holding time. The SrFe12O19nano fibers characterized with diameters of around 100nm and a necklace-like structure obtained at 900 °C for 2h, which is fabricated by nano sized particles about 60nm with the plate-like morphology elongated in the preferred dire ction perpendicular to thec-axis, show the optimized magnetic property with saturation magnetization 59Am2kg−1and coercivity 521kAm−1. It is found that the single domain critical size for these M-type strontium ferrite nanofibers is around 60nm. Structural, dielectric and magnetic properties of Cr–Zn doped strontium hexa-ferrites for high frequency applications [23] G. Asghar, M. Anis-ur-Rehman M-type strontium hexa-ferrite nano particles with composition SrFe12−2xCrxZnxO19(X=0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) were prepared by co-precipitation method and are reported for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful substitution of Cr and Zn ions in the strontium hexa-ferrite lattice. Structural morphology studied by SEM revealed that Cr–Zn doping inhabits the grain growth. Dielectric measurements were taken as a function of frequency in the range (10kHz to 3MHz). Both dielectric constants and dielectric losses were found to be decreasing with the increase in Cr–Zn concentration. As Cr–Zn doping favored the decrease in dielectric losses to a large extent (0.32–0.02) so the strontium hexa-ferrite with these dopants is very useful for high frequency applications. Influence of the iron content on the formation process of substituted Co–Nd strontium hexaferrite prepared by the citrate precursor method [24] S.E. Jacobo ,C. Herme , P.G. Bercoff Strontium hexa ferrite samples of different composition were prepared by the self-combustion method and heat-treated in air at 1100 °C for 2h: SrFe12O19(S0), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe11.7Co0.3O19(SS), Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe10.7Co0.3O19(SM) and Sr0.7Nd0.3Fe8.4Co0.3O19(SL). The phase identification of the powders was performed using XRD. Only sample SL (with the lowest iron concentration) shows well-defined peaks of the hexaferrite phase with no secondary phases. Nd–Co substitution modifies saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (Hc) but only samples with low Fe3+content (SL and SM) show the best magnetic properties, indicating that the best results for applications of this ferrite will be obtained with an iron deficiency in the stoichiometric formulation. Sol–gel hydrothermal synthesis of strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles and the relation between their crystal structure and high coercivity properties [25] Thi Minh Hue Dang1, Viet Dung Trinh1, Doan Huan Bui1, Manh Huong Phan2and Dang Chinh Huynh1 Hard magnetic strontium hexaferrite SrFe12O19nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol–gel hydrothermal method. The factors affecting the synthesized process, such as the mole proportion of the reactants, pH, temperature, the hydrothermal conditions and the calcination process, have been investigated. The crystal structures of these materials were refined by Rietveld method. The obtained materials have single crystal phase, equal nano-size, plate shape and high anisotropy. The high magnetic coercivity of 6.3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe with the magnetization at 11.1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °kOe of 66à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °emuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °g−1at room temperature was observed for the strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles. For other nanoparticles (SrLnxFe12-xO19and SrFe12O19/CoFe2O4) synthesized on the basis of SrFe12O19the complex completion of the crystal structure distortion and the interaction between magnetic phases were observed. Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultrafine Strontium Hexaferrite Nanoparticles [26] Darinka Primc1,Miha Drofenik1,2and Darko Makovec1 Ultrafine strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nanoparticles have been synthesized by the hydrothermal treatment of an appropriate suspension of Sr and Fe hydroxides in the presence of a large excess of OH–at temperatures between 130 and 170  °C. To avoid the parallel formation of any undesired hematite (ÃŽ ±-Fe2O3) during the synthesis, a large excess of Sr in the starting composition (Fe/Sr = 3) had to be used. When the treatment was performed below 170  °C, ultrafine nanoparticles were formed. The TEM images show they have a disc-like shape, approximately 12 nm wide, but only around 4 nm thick. The EDS analysis showed their composition corresponded to SrFe12O19. When the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment exceeded 170  °C, larger hexagonal platelet crystals appeared as a consequence of Ostwald ripening. The evolution of the size and morphology of the nanoparticles with the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment was also monitored by XRD and measurement of the m agnetic properties. A Simple Method for Synthesis of Strontium Ferrite Nanoparticles and their Polymeric Nanocomposites [27] G. Nabiyounia*, A. Yousofnejada, M. Seraja, S. Farshad Akhtarianfarb ,D. Ghanbarib Hard magnetic SrFe12O19(SrM) nanoparticles were synthesized by a facile sonochemical reaction. The magnetic nanoparticles were then added to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, polystyrene, polycarbonate,and poly sulfone to make magnetic nanocomposites. The magnetic properties of the samples were also investigated using an alternating gradient force magnetometer. The strontium ferrite nanoparticles exhibited ferrimagnetic behaviour at room temperature, with a saturation magnetization of 39 emu/g and a coercivity of 5070 Oe.The distribution of the SrFe12O19nanoparticles into the polymeric matrixes increases the coercivity. Magnetic, physical and electrical properties of Zr–Ni-substituted co-precipitated strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [28] Muhammad Javed Iqbala ,Muhammad Naeem Ashiqa,Pablo Hernandez-Gomezb, Jose Maria Munozb A series of Zr–Ni-substituted strontium hexaferrite materials, SrZrxNixFe12−2xO19(x=0.0–0.8), was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and the crystallite size determined to be in the range of 30–47nm. The saturation magnetization increased from 72 to 98kAm−1while coercivity decreased from 1710 to 428Oe with Zr–Ni substitution. This improvement in both these properties makes these materials suitable for applications in recording media. The increase in resistivity suggests that the synthesized materials can be useful for application in microwave devices. Structural and electromagnetic characteristics of substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles [29] Ali Ghasemia,,Akimitsu Morisakob Substituted strontium ferrite SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19has been prepared from sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and vector network analyzer, were used to analyze the structure and dynamic magnetic properties. Powders of sample show a hexagonal fine platelet structure and narrow particle size distribution. Based on microwave measurement on reflectivity, SrFe9(Mn0.5Co0.5Zr)3/2O19may be a good candidate for electromagnetic compatibility and other practical applications at high frequency.

Sex and Relationship Education (SRE) Essays -- human sexuality and sex

Sex and relationship education (SRE) is supporting children through their moral, physical and psychological aspects of growing up to be an adult, and making sure they have knowledge on relationships, sex, human sexuality and sexual health (Sex Education Forum, 2010). There are three main elements in SRE, the first element is attitudes and values, which is about developing positive values and be able to consider moral issues before they make their decisions on having intercourse (Kirby, 2007). The second element is personal and social skills, which is about teaching children to have the confidence to value themselves and others to become respectful for individual conscience and the skills to judge the kind of relationship they want; the third element is about accessing the knowledge and understanding of human sexuality, reproduction, sexual health, emotions and relationships (Kirby, 2007). The potential effect of SRE should be seen in these three areas, which includes reduction in tee nager pregnancy, and the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and being sexually assault, etc. As SRE can either be given at home to the child by parents, in school by teachers, or in youth organizations, alternative educational institutions, or youth offending organizations by Shine staffs or trained peer educators and volunteers (Levy 1992). This essay is mainly going to focus on the teacher-led SRE given in school and discuss whether it is beneficial or not, with the support of the positive outcome of children having SRE in relation of STDs, pregnancy and peer violence, and also the actual fact of SRE being not useful, supported with the data of teenagers not receiving the knowledge they should have been taught in SRE, and high te... ...ax S(1997) Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: a Review Update Godson, S. (2001) Boys+sex–education=crisis. Available online at: http://educationguardian.co.uk/Print/0.3858.4311559.00.html (accessed 4 December 2001). Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. & Thomson, R. (1998) The male in the head—young people, heterosexuality and power ,London, The Tufnell Press Kirby D. (2001) Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001. Kohler et al. (2008)â€Å"Abstinence-only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy.† Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351. Kirby D. (2007) â€Å"Sex and HIV Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World.† Journal of Adol Sex and Relationship Education (SRE) Essays -- human sexuality and sex Sex and relationship education (SRE) is supporting children through their moral, physical and psychological aspects of growing up to be an adult, and making sure they have knowledge on relationships, sex, human sexuality and sexual health (Sex Education Forum, 2010). There are three main elements in SRE, the first element is attitudes and values, which is about developing positive values and be able to consider moral issues before they make their decisions on having intercourse (Kirby, 2007). The second element is personal and social skills, which is about teaching children to have the confidence to value themselves and others to become respectful for individual conscience and the skills to judge the kind of relationship they want; the third element is about accessing the knowledge and understanding of human sexuality, reproduction, sexual health, emotions and relationships (Kirby, 2007). The potential effect of SRE should be seen in these three areas, which includes reduction in tee nager pregnancy, and the chances of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and being sexually assault, etc. As SRE can either be given at home to the child by parents, in school by teachers, or in youth organizations, alternative educational institutions, or youth offending organizations by Shine staffs or trained peer educators and volunteers (Levy 1992). This essay is mainly going to focus on the teacher-led SRE given in school and discuss whether it is beneficial or not, with the support of the positive outcome of children having SRE in relation of STDs, pregnancy and peer violence, and also the actual fact of SRE being not useful, supported with the data of teenagers not receiving the knowledge they should have been taught in SRE, and high te... ...ax S(1997) Impact of HIV and Sexual Health Education on the Sexual Behaviour of Young People: a Review Update Godson, S. (2001) Boys+sex–education=crisis. Available online at: http://educationguardian.co.uk/Print/0.3858.4311559.00.html (accessed 4 December 2001). Holland, J., Ramazanoglu, C., Sharpe, S. & Thomson, R. (1998) The male in the head—young people, heterosexuality and power ,London, The Tufnell Press Kirby D. (2001) Emerging Answers: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2001. Kohler et al. (2008)â€Å"Abstinence-only and Comprehensive Sex Education and the Initiation of Sexual Activity and Teen Pregnancy.† Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4): 344-351. Kirby D. (2007) â€Å"Sex and HIV Programs: Their Impact on Sexual Behaviors of Young People Throughout the World.† Journal of Adol

Education and Understanding Will Reduce the Threat of Terrorism Essay

  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract: Globalization has had both negative and positive effects.   While some cultures accept globalization as a wonderful gesture, others reject it with violent force.   Since the main country involved in the notion of globalization is the United States, many countries, most of those who are adamantly opposed to globalization, call globalization "Americanization."   For the Muslims who supported the terrorists in the 9-11 attack, they label America's treatment of them as reason for their hatred of the United States.   They claim that the United States has forced them into a situation they want no part of, and hence, their actions were a statement of rebellion.   Other countries and other cultures feel that globalization is the answer; hence, they side with the United States and disagree with the Extreme Islamic concepts.   In my opinion, I feel that neither side is ultimately right or wrong.   Instead, I feel that some sort of compromise m ust be made through education and understanding.   While I do feel that the Islamic world will eventually have to globalize in order to compete with the Western world, perhaps the changes must be made with a greater understanding of their culture so that they would be more willing to accept it.   Both sides come from very different traditions and cultures; hence, if the Western world understood the Islamic world a little better and vice versa, I feel a compromise could be reached.   Education, like it is in so many debates, is certainly the answer here.    Paper Begins Below    In a multicultural world, there are many opposing views on globalization.   Some cultures and individuals accept it, while others do not.   Have the United States' attempts to globalize ... ...001/trade.center/tenants1.html>.    Porter Keith.   "America Discovers the Value of Friends. Globalization requires   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   cooperation. "<http//:www.globalization.about.com> 7 July 2002.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://globalization.about.com/library/weekly/aa091701a.htm?terms=   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nato+article+5>.    Reich, Robert B.   "Will Terrorism Stall Globalization? " The American Prospect   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Online 2 Nov. 2001.   2 July 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.prospect.org/webfeatures/2001/11/reich-r-11-02.html>.    Smith, Adam.   "The Wealth of Nations."   Vol 4. New York: Random. 1985.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 vols.    Bin Laden, Osama.   "To Terror's Source:   Interview with Osama bin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laden." ABC News on the Web 28 May 1998. 1 July 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://abcnews.go.com/sections/world/DailyNews/miller_binladen_   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   980609.html#4>.   

Advertising and Sales Promotions In The Internet Essay

Marketing has been one of the most significant gainers from the Internet revolution. Internet has been applied by marketers both as a medium as well as a product. Marketing has deployed it for communication of information, distribution of some of its products and for receiving payments from the customers. Internet based marketing plays a vital role in the exchange process. Internet marketing term became popular when computers started getting used in marketing extensively. Earlier, computers were used more for storing, processing and reporting of various marketing related information. But, with the entry of Internet the online data handling possibilities have virtually exploded the use of computer. This application has multiplied the use of computers faster among communities. Internet marketing profitably reinforces the concepts of marketing with the power of internet. It strengthens the existing delivery of marketing outputs and also opens newer avenues of marketing which were not possible to achieve before the arrival of internet. A marketer today can keep track of millions of customers simultaneously, segment them online, offer customized products to individual customers, fix different prices, provide varying contents and styles of information and deliver the products through appropriate modes of distribution to each of these customers. The details of such transactions and the characteristics of each of these customers can be stored for their dynamic utilization in future marketing opportunities with the customers. Estee Lauder’s anti ageing product ‘Advanced Night Repair Concentrate’   is able to make inroads in the customers mind. Internet will function as the medium for promoting the product.   Advertising and Sales Promotions: Like products and prices, customization of advertising and promotion are very much possible in internet marketing. Besides customization, the customer is contacted when he is giving, full attention to the computer screen. In fact, when a customer views any site he has done so after deliberate and conscious effort and choice. This increases his commitment to the message that he is viewing on the internet. Advertising generates a hierarchy of impacts like creation of awareness, interest, desire and action on the consumer. Different media are found to be better suited for certain kinds of impacts out of this hierarchy. Internet has been found to be amenable to finer tuning for most of these impacts. As a result, it is possible to better transport the customer from one level of impact to the next higher one and do so more quickly. The combination of this factor with the feature of individualization makes the output very powerful one. Besides this, the measurement of each of these impacts are also possible more easily and online. The promotions on internet can also be customized in a similar way. The internet marketing model suggests that commerce follows content and community. Since the internet phenomenon has occurred like an explosion there had been quite a rush to build up communities in the competitive environment. In this rush, many of the marketers tried to buy prospective customers into their communities net by offering a variety of incentives. This has caused internet marketing effort to be seen as overloaded with freebies in the form of consumer promotions. Personal Selling: The advantage of mass personal selling is made possible through internet for both customers and the marketers. Anti aging is a consumer product so Estee Lauders can get the maximum benefit by penetrating in this stream. The customers can identify the optimum provider for his unique sets of needs. Customer can also arrange for updating himself in the precise area of his interest although from the most extensive sources of information possible. The marketer can also store the historical data of individual persons and their behavior. These data can be then processed with the help of data mining and marketing decision tools. These data are utilized to provide solutions to the customers needs on an online and individual basis. The product can be configured exacting to the individual customer’s needs at the price and with a payment mechanism most convenient to him. The information and the persuasive appeals can also be tailor made for the individual customer. He can be reminded or provided with additional services as per his specific requests and all these information can be utilized in the design of next round of offering to him. This kind of individual personal service when offered on continuous basis becomes service to the customer of significant commercial value. Publicity:   Internet marketing has the capability of viewing existing customers through a wide variety of angles and compares the efficacy of each of these views. Various data mining tools available today are employed to do this job. They mainly utilize the processes of sorting, clustering and association seeking among the consumer characteristics. The history of the customer behavior in terms of past transactions and internet viewing generate rich data for this purpose of publicity automatically. Such data are often supplemented with the offline data collected through alternative sources. The customer segments created with such methodologies can have the advantage of being more dynamic because they can be created through online databases, more insightful because of the use of more powerful clustering and association seeking techniques and customers themselves selecting into a segment of mass market. On the other hand, the customers become empowered to scan much larger canvas of market and bargain for their purchasing power with a larger base of marketers. The customers can also create a large pool of knowledge by online sharing knowledge of their experience based knowledge among their peer customers. The interactivities gained by both marketers and customers have .the potential of unleashing very high levels of energy in the marketplace restricted only by the creative limits of the market players. Public Relation: The advantage of mass customization is made possible through Internet for both customers and the marketers. The customers can identify the optimum provider for his unique sets of needs. Customer can also arrange for updating himself in the precise area of his interest although from the most extensive sources of information possible. The marketer can also store the historical data of customers and their behavior. These data can be then processed with the help of data mining and marketing decision tools. These data are utilized to provide solutions to the customers needs on an online and individual basis. The product can be configured exacting to the individual customer’s needs at the price and with a payment mechanism most convenient to him. The information and the persuasive appeals can also be tailor made for the individual customer. He can be reminded or provided with additional services as per his specific requests and all these information can be utilized in the design of next round of offering to him. This kind of customization when offered on continuous basis becomes service to the customer of significant commercial value. Placement Of Product: Internet marketing is seen as attacking on the length of the distribution chain particularly the information flow related ones, much more efficiently and instantaneously. As a result it is often possible to reorganize the distribution chain at the cost of its length. The span of control can also increase considerably as many of the control related processes can be transferred to the computer. The saving in costs due to these effects is often considered as the most important contributions of internet marketing. The increased availability of distribution related information also causes information overload to the consumers. A new category of channel members, called infomediaries, have also emerged. These infomediaries primarily consolidate the relevant information about the availability of the products and pass them on to the consumers after suitably repackaging them. Besides pure infomediaries, the existing distributors do also rebundle their services after integrating the online and offline elements of their services. Internet also enables online distribution of digitized products. This helps in extending pinpointed reach to a large number of customers, eliminating the lead time between ordering and delivery, reducing the inventory requirements and smooth organization of transaction related data processing. Conclusion In the era of globalization, with marked technological strides has   revolutionized the exchange process of buying and selling of products on the Internet.   Internet marketing is a worldwide phenomenon.   Internet marketing has made inroads as the emerging mode of buying and selling of products to specific target groups with fast changing needs, preferences and life styles. Estee Lauders has the huge potential of promoting the anti aging product through internet. References Philip Kotler (2002) Marketing Management , Prentice Hall New York Charles F.,(2002) Internet Marketing, Wiley Publication Flippo Edwin B., (2001) Marketing Channels, McGraw-Hill. J Taylor Sims, J. Robert Foster, Arch G. Woodside.(1998) Marketing Channels: Systems and Strategies Harper and Row: New York

The opinions of Mill and Kant

Mill’s utilitarianism on Kant and Baxter’s argumentsIn John Stuart Mill’s arguments for utilitarianism, it can be observed that his concept of that which is â€Å"good† corresponds to the maximization of utility, or the promotion of the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Further, Mill maintains that right actions are those that primarily promote happiness while on the other hand actions that result to the reverse of happiness are wrong actions.At this point, it should be noted that Mill is arguing for the centrality of a form of consequentialism in his conception of actions and their resulting moral worth. That is, the moral worth or value of the actions of man can be assessed through the very consequences that they give rise to.As human conduct is essentially directed by the quest for happiness or utility, Mill elaborates further that the very directive of men to acquire happiness does not refer to individual happiness or the happiness of each pe rson taken singularly but rather to the collective happiness or the happiness for the greatest number of people. Among the numerous possible manifestations of such happiness that may be perceived, he further argues that the greatest happiness is to be sought after in connection to the greatest number of individuals. From this point, we are to analyze the arguments raised by Immanuel Kant and William Baxter on the aspect of rational agents juxtaposed with the issue of pollution.Both Kant and Baxter resort to the claim that men as rational agents should occupy the central role in ethical considerations. Prior to Baxter, Kant has already maintained that human beings, as agents imbued with and the capacity to reason, should not be treated as the means to possible or given ends. Rather what Kant strongly proposes is that human beings should be considered as the very ends themselves in the course of the actions of every individual. On the other hand, Baxter strongly argues in line with th e Kantian prescription for the acts of man. That is, man’s actions should be that which is what one ought to do.Mill will most likely tell us that Baxter’s conclusions do not eventually promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in the immediate consequences of man’s actions towards the environment. Mill’s utilitarian principles will maintain that Baxter’s conclusions on the scope of environmental ethics merely prescribe what men ought to do.This prescription, when applied to several environmental issues such as man’s hunting for rare animals for the therapeutic values of their body parts, will most likely condemn the given example and other related instances. However, Mill will argue that, since the gathering of the body parts of such a rare animal will most likely contribute to the betterment and eventual happiness of the greatest number of human beings, the act in itself is a right act. The apparent consequences of s uch an action are deemed with the greatest amount of merit in classifying such action as morally right.For the most part, Mill might have instead argued for the claim that even if pollution becomes a result of the actions of man towards his environment, these same actions should be taken if it promotes the greatest degree of happiness for the greatest number of individuals as its consequence.Mill’s arguments cannot in any way directly support and uphold the ethical guidelines set forth by both Kant and Baxter in seeking the proper conduct for the status quo of the environment.Mill’s utilitarianism on Carr’s â€Å"Is Business Bluffing Ethical?†One essential feature of the utilitarian ethical doctrine is that its moral point of view rests firmly on the consequences of the actions made. That is, an action is then to be categorized as either good or bad depending on the consequence or result of the action intended. However, what differentiates the utilitarian principles from other ethical or moral tenet is that the former further qualifies the outcome of the actions as good in terms of maximum benefits conferred by the deed.In a sense, a good action, then, is one which has maximized benefits or advantages not to oneself but, more importantly, to the most number of individuals as well in the end. Thus, in essence, such doctrine of utilitarianism can be briefly summarized as one that seeks to establish â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number.In adopting the principles being set forth by utilitarianism one is inclined to embrace the belief that the welfare of the majority is being taken with utmost concern and that, parallel to such aspect of utilitarianism, the greatest happiness or the benefit of the most number of people is seen as fitting enough to further accept the ethical theory of utilitarianism. The relative consequences in adopting these principles highlight a connection to the modern world inasmuch as the welfare of the majority rather than the individual is deemed to outweigh personal motives.Thus, the extent of Mill’s conception of the utilitarian doctrine will firmly hold that business bluffing is ethical so long as it promotes the good of the majority through the greatest good such an action is able to produce.For instance, when company executives are tasked to manage dealings or negotiations with fellow executives, customers, government authorities, labor groups, or the department heads of the same company the executives work in, they can resort to many forms of deception. The act of deceiving these â€Å"other† people in terms of its moral value can be analyzed through the apparent consequences such a conduct is able to make materialize.Especially in cases wherein the fate of the whole company or the status of the entire structure of the line of laborers is at stake, business bluffing is deemed right if and only if it is able to sustain the welfare of the general members of the company as its immediate consequence.Or even in the smallest of the departments in a business establishment, the relative gains of that small unit when taken as a whole should be reason enough, at least in Mill’s utilitarian approach, to pursue actions that will ensure the greatest gains for the greatest number in that department. These actions, in turn, are qualified as ethical and, hence, right under the utilitarian perspective as far as Carr’s notion on the extent of cases where the business â€Å"player† resorts to bluffing is concerned.On the other hand, the extent in which Mill will contradict Carr’s proposals for deception rests on the situation wherein bluffing does not promote the general welfare but instead advances the personal aims of the executive. In such cases, even if there are positive consequences for the businessman, the fact that the relative gains of the businessman for his own goes against the utilitarian principle of the maximizati on of the good. It ignores the crucial part of utilitarianism that prescribes actions which ensures the furtherance of the welfare of the majority.Thus, such an instance is essentially unethical inasmuch as it is not right as far as the tenets of utilitarianism are concerned.Kant’s ethical theory on DeJardins and Duska’s â€Å"Drug Testing in Employment†In order to analyze DeJardins and Duska’s claims in the article, an understanding of Kantian ethics should first be noted. Kantian ethics can be roughly started with the presumption that if we are to strictly follow the assertion that the goal of the lives of men is the attainment of happiness in general, then every individual will most likely be inclined to seek personal gratification so as to arrive at happiness.Nevertheless, the attainment of happiness is not entirely within the human capacity and that its actuality can be interpreted as a matter of chance that depends primarily on the varying capacitie s of man. No universal assurance on the attainment of happiness can then be seen. Consequently, by trying to remove cynicism and nihilism and by allowing the ethical norms of man to occupy the actions of all, it is necessary for these ethical doctrines to be unconditional such that there should be no exceptions and universal in the sense that these tenets should be applicable to every human being.Kant proceeds with his idea of the good will by defining it as a will that operates for the sake of duty and as a â€Å"good-in-itself†. For the most part, the concept of duty is central to the ethical precepts of Kant which he regards crucial by considering the difference that dwell between actions in accordance with duty and actions performed for the sake of duty. For Kant, the latter phrase is the only one that bears moral worth implying a greater moral worth in man’s actions that result from a person’s greater disinclination to act merely for the sake of duty. That is, if a person is motivated to do a certain act simply because one is entirely inclined to do such an act, then the act itself is considered to be bereft of moral worth.Duty for Kant is the inevitability or necessity of functioning out of a strict observation for laws that are universal. Consequently, the worth or value of the action done by the individual in terms of moral precepts is essentially drawn from the intention of the action thereby stressing the content of the actions in terms of intent as significant. This content can be further expressed in two manners. The first states that there are maxims or imperatives that stipulate that there are acts based on the desires of the individual. This is what Kant calls the hypothetical imperative. On the other hand, those which are based on reason and not merely dependent on one’s desires belong to the categorical imperative. The latter type deals with what ought to be done.All these can be roughly transposed and summarized in to Kant’s conception of the practical imperative that claims that one ought to act to treat human beings as ends in themselves and never merely as a means to any given end, whether the individual is the self or another person.Thus, in line with the arguments proposed by the authors of Drug testing in Employment, Kant will very well argue that drug testing among employees in companies is unethical for the reason that it treats the employees as mere objects or means in achieving the ends of set forth by the company. The delicate private information that are to be obtained from the drug tests, moreover, gives rise to the possibility that these information can be manipulated for sinister ploys even if the protection of these information is given due recognition.Moreover, as the authors of the article suggest, drug use is not always job relevant. If this is the case, then information concerning drug use is not relevant as well hence leading to the observation that drug tests are i rrelevant and that these only impair the centrality of man as the end for every action.The reason to these claims rests on two crucial aspects. First is that the practical imperative will not allow the treatment of the employees as schemes for the purpose of the upkeep of the employment status of the employer or of the company. Second is that drug testing undermines the rights of the employee thus, relegating our attention back to the first reason, undermining as well their existence as human beings and rational agents.ReferenceMill, J. S. (1863). What Utilitarianism Is. In Utilitarianism (pp. 4-16).

Money Cant Buy Health Essay

Ah, money. The grease that moves America. The love of which has perhaps caused more human anguish than perhaps any other object with the possible exception of abuse of the Bible, Torah or Koran by religious extremists. Money can’t buy health. All the money in the world can’t undo the damage caused by smoking, drug abuse, cancer, sex act, and a thousand other health problems which destroy one’s quality of life. Of course, if you are rich enough you can buy a new kidney or heart. But what is kind of life does one have fighting AIDS, cancer, a dead liver, destroyed lungs or a brain tumor caused by saturating yourself with pesticides, herbicides and other life-destroying chemicals? Money is an essential energy booster needed to see you through your life smoothly. It gives you a status symbol and you are placed in an elevation in the society. You are able to buy the best things available and your materialistic possessions give you a sense of elation. But is money the -be- all -in -life and is it enough if you have a big bank balance and many enviable things which only money can get you. No, nothing can be farther from truth. Money can get you many things in life which will give you a superficial happiness that gets sated very fast. There are many things in life money cannot buy. Can money buy you happiness? Of course it cannot. Happiness is a state of mind which has nothing to do with money. If money is needed to feel happy, then only rich people will be the happiest lot. In fact, it is the rich who feel a vacuum within them as money alienates them from the others. You might ask if money is not important. It is very much important to make you lead a life where your self esteem will not be affected by being dependent on others for your day to day survival. You should strike a correct balance between seeking money for your betterment and a mad rush towards it to keep in pace with other people’s wealth. If you start comparing you always feel lacking. Earn for yourself, not for competing with others. Give priority to your inner wealth, so that you can truly enjoy your materialistic wealth. Money can buy healthcare and medicine, but it cannot replace health once it’s lost. It’s far better to take preventative action such as watching what you eat, exercising, not smoking, and getting regular physicals than to rely on money to save you once your body has started to fail you. Money also can’t buy back your youth. No amount of money you make in the future will replace those days when your body could do anything easily and look good doing it. You can spend thousands on â€Å"treatments† to preserve your youth, but it’s an illusion. Once your youth is gone, no amount of money will get it back. If money could buy peace, I think we’d be there by now.